simultaneous use of antagonistic fungus and herbicide for integrated control of verticillium wilt and seedling damping-off diseases in moghan and neishaboor cotton fields

considering the deleterious effects of chemical pesticides used in agriculture including cotton cultivation, the search about integrated control strategies for important cotton diseases, verticillium wilt and rhizoctonia seedling damping-off is clearly obvious. in this present study, the researcher investigated the effectiveness of the integration of two strategies, biological control (using antagonistic fungi) and chemical control (application of herbicides) on above mentioned diseases and several growth characteristics in neishaboor and moghan cotton fields. it is necessary to mention that each experiment was conducted in this present research using split plot design in the layout randomized complete block design with four replications. the main factor was using herbicides (sonalan and treflan) at three levels and the sub-factor was using antagonistic fungi (trichoderma harzianum and talaromyces flavus) at ten levels. overall results obtained from neishaboor and moghan regions showed that main factor (herbicide) led to increase of total yield as 16.23% and sub-factor (antagonistic fungi) also caused decrease in verticillium wilt disease index as 33.88%, decrease in seedling damping-off disease as 24.32% and increase in total yield as 15.08%. however, the effects of both main reason and sub-factor observed as decreasing verticillium wilt disease index (37.86%), decreasing seedling damping-off disease (68.85%) and increasing total yield as 22.83%.